A Criação e o Desenvolvimento Inicial das Forças de Defesa do Zimbábue (ZDF) 1980-93

Autores

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5965/2175180313322021e0104

Resumo

Em 2017 deu-se um Golpe de Estado no Zimbábue, um evento raro na parte sul de África, mas infelizmente comum no resto do continente. Este artigo aborda o início da politização das Forças de Defesa do Zimbábue (ZDF) durante os anos 1980. No final da guerra de independência em 1980, as ZDF formaram-se como uma amálgama de ex-militares da Rodésia e insurgentes dos movimentos de libertação da União do Povo Africano do Zimbábue (ZAPU) e da União Nacional Africano do Zimbábue (ZANU). Os militares da ZANU passaram a dominar as novas Forças Armadas do Zimbábue devido à falta de um acordo específico sobre o processo de integração, conseguindo pela superioridade numérica e o sucesso eleitoral da ZANU que lhe conferiu um poder político. Durante o exercício de integração da ZDF no início dos anos 1980, os conselheiros britânicos tentaram criar uma força de estilo ocidental, mas agiram pragmaticamente. Por outro lados instrutores norte-coreanos ajudaram a criar uma Brigada afiliada à ZANU funcionando como uma milícia do partido. Além disso, a desestabilização sul-africana e a rápida saída de ex-oficiais da Rodésia abriram espaço para a promoção acelerada de ex-insurgentes, na sua maioria filiados ao governo de ZANU. Por último, a maior “ZANUização” das ZDF ocorreram no contexto das operações no sudoeste do Zimbábue, onde eliminaram as forças da ZAPU como um movimento político de oposição e conduziu atrocidades. Tal como em Moçambique, onde as tropas do Zimbábue cooperaram como aliados de exércitos “politizados” de estados vizinhos.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Timothy Stapleton, University of Calgary

Ph.D. of History by Dalhousie University.

Professor at the Department of History of the University of Calgary

Referências

ABEGUNRIN, Olayiwola. Nigerian foreign policy under military rule, 1966-1999. Westport: Praeger, 2003.

ALAO, Abiodun. Mugabe and the politics of security in Zimbabwe. Kingston: McGill-Queens University Press, 2012.

ALEXANDER, Jocelyn; MCGREGOR, JoAnn.; RANGER, Terence. Violence and memory: one hundred years in the “Dark Forests” of Matabeleland. Portsmouth: Heinemann2000.

BAYNHAM, Simon. The military and politics in Nkrumah’s Ghana. Boulder: Westview Press, 1988.

BRYDEN, Alan.; N’DIAYE, Boubacar (eds), Security sector governance in francophone West Africa: realities and opportunities. [Geneva]: Geneva Centre for Democratic Control of Armed Forces, 2011.

CATHOLIC Commission for Peace and Justice, Breaking the silence/building true peace: a report on the disturbances in Matabeleland and the Midlands, 1980-88. Harare: Legal Resources Foundation, 1999.

CHITIYO, Knox. The ZNA in Mozambique, 1982-1991: the limits on pursuance of war as an extension of foreign policy. In: RANGER, Terence (ed.). The historical dimensions of democracy and human rights in Zimbabwe. [Harare]: University of Zimbabwe Publications, 2003. v. 2. p. 101-112.

CHITIYO, Knox.; RUPIYA, Martin. Tracking Zimbabwe’s political history: the Zimbabwe defence force from 1980 to 2005. In: RUPIYA, Martin (ed.). Evolutions and revolutions: a contemporary History of militaries in Southern Africa. [Pretoria]: Institute for Security Studies, 2005. p. 338-352.

DECALO, Samuel. Coups and army rule in Africa: studies in military style. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 1976.

ECHENBERG, Myron, Colonial conscripts: the tirailleurs sénégalais in French West Africa, 1857-1960. Portsmouth, NH: Heinemann, 1991.

EMERSON, Stephen. The battle for Mozambique. Pinetown, South Africa: 30 Degrees South, 2014.

HENK, Dan. The Botswana defence force in the struggle for an african environment. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2007.

HOPE and fear for Zimbabwe vote. New York Times, 26 Mar. 2008. Available in:

https://www.nytimes.com/2008/03/26/world/africa/26zimbabwe.html. Access on: 26 Apr. 2021.

KILFORD, Christopher. The other Cold War: Canada’s military assistance to the developing world. Kingston: Canadian Defence Academy Press, 2010.

KRIGER, Norma. Guerrilla veterans in post-war Zimbabwe: symbolic and violent politics. [Cambridge]: Cambridge University Press, 2003.

LAN, David. Guns and rain: guerrillas and spirit mediums in Zimbabwe. London: James Currey, 1985.

MARINGIRA, Godfrey, Politicization and Resistance in the Zimbabwean National Army, African affairs, London, v. 116, Issue 462, p. 18-38, Jan. 2017a.

MARINGIRA, Godfrey. Politics, Privileges and loyalty in the Zimbabwe national army. African Studies review, [s.l.], v. 60, n. 2, p. 93-113, Sept. 2017b.

MARINGIRA, Godfrey. Soldiers and the state in Zimbabwe. London: Routledge, 2019.

MARTIN, David.; JOHNSON, Phyllis. The struggle for Zimbabwe. New York: Monthly Review, 1981.

MINERS, Norman. The nigerian army 1956-66. London: Methuen, 1971.

MOCHEREGWA, Bafumiki. `Thebe ya Sechaba’: a history of the Botswana defence force, c. 1977 – 2007. 2021. Thesis (Doctoral in Philosophy) – University of Calgary, Calgary, 2021.

MOORCROFT, Paul.; MCLAUGHLIN, Peter. The Rhodesian War: a military history. London: Pen and Sword, 2008.

MILITARY assistance to Zimbabwe: Brigader I.A. Bako, report of military delegation to Zimbabwe, Nigerian Ministry of Defence, Lagos, 18 June 1980; D. Slater to A.C.D.S. MacRae. [S.l.]: National Archives (UK), 29 July 1980a. FCO 36/2807.

MILITARY assistance to Zimbabwe: secret telegram. [S.l.]: National Archives (UK), 15 July 1980b. FCO 36/2807.

NORTH Korean military assistance to Zimbabwe: colonel C.L.G. Henshaw, Salisbury to major P.M.K. MacKellar, ministry of defense, London. [S.l.]: National Archives (UK), 11 Sept. 1981. FCO 106/464.

SECRET telegram. [S.l.]: National Archives (UK), 17 July 1981. FCO 106/464.

NORTH korean military assistance to Zimbabwe: colonel C.W. Ivey, Salisbury to colonel P.I.B. Stevenson, London: reports on 5 brigade. [S.l.]: National Archives (UK), 6 Sept. 1982a. FCO 106/780.

NORTH Korean military assistance to Zimbabwe: the “other new force” was 5 brigade. 15 Nov. 1982b. FCO 106/780.

JOHNS, Bruce. Is this Red-trained Brigade Mugabe’s Plan for a Marxist State? Sunday Express, [London], 25 Apr. 1982. FCO 106/780.

HENSHAW to MacKellar. [S.l.], 11 Sept. 1981. FCO 106/464.

NELSON, Harold; DOBERT, Margarita.; MCLAUGHLIN, James.; MARVIN, Barbara. and WHITAKER, Donald. Area handbook for Guinea. [S.l.] Foreign Area Studies, 1975.

NHONGO-SIMBANEGAVI, Josephine. For better or worse: Women and ZANLA in Zimbabwe’s liberation struggle. Harare: Weaver Press, 2000.

PARSONS, Timothy. The 1964 army mutinies and the making of modern East Africa. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2003.

PARSONS, Timothy. The african rank-and-file: social implications of colonial military service in the king’s african rifles, 1902-1964. Portsmouth, NH; Heinemann, 1999.

PETERS, Jimi. The nigerian military and the State. London: I.B. Tauris, 1997.

PETTER-BOWYER, Peter. Winds of destruction: the autobiography of a rhodesian combat pilot. Johannesburg: 30 Degrees South, 2005.

QUINTANA, Michael. How loyal is Zimbabwe’s army. BBC News, [London], 10 Jan. 2002. Available in: http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/africa/1754063.stm. Access on: 26 Apr. 2021.

RANGER, Terence. and BHEBHE, Ngwabi. (eds.). Soldiers in Zimbabwe’s liberation war. London: James Currey, 1995.

SANYATWE Under Fire Over Mujuru. Zimbabwe Independent, [s.l.] 16 Oct. 2015. Available in: http://www.theindependent.co.zw/2015/10/16/sanyatwe-under-fire-over-mujuru/. Access on: 26 Apr. 2021.

STAPLETON, Timothy. African police and soldiers in colonial Zimbabwe, 1923-1980. Rochester: Rochester University Press, 2011.

SIBANDA, Eliakim. The Zimbabwe african people’s union, 1961-1987.Trenton, NJ: Africa World Press, 2005.

SIOLLUN, Max. Oil, politics and violence: Nigeria’s military coup culture, 1966-76. New York: Algora Publishing, 2009.

TORTURE is Key Element in Zimbabwe Trial of Six Airmen. New York Times, New York, 6 June 1983. Available in: https://www.nytimes.com/1983/06/06/world/torture-is-key-issue-in-zimbabwe-trial-of-6-airmen.html. Access on: 26 Apr. 2021.

THOMAS, Charles. The Tanzanian people’s defence force: an exercise in nation building. 2012. Thesis (Doctoral in Philosophy) – University of Texas, Austin, 2012.

WEIGERT, Stephen. Angola: a modern military history. Basingstoke, UK: Palgrave-MacMillan, 2011.

WHITAKER, Blake. The ‘new model’ armies of Africa?: the british military advisory and training team and the creation of the Zimbabwe national army. 2014. Thesis (Doctoral in Philosophy) – Texas A&M University, College Station, 2014.

WHITE, Louise. Whoever saw a country with four armies? the battle of bulawayo revisited. Journal of Southern African Studies, [s.l.], v. 33, n. 2, p. 619-631, Sept. 2007.

WOOD, J.R.T. Countering the Chimurenga: the Rhodesian counterinsurgency campaign 1962-80. In: MARSTON, D.; MALKASIAN, C. (eds.). Counterinsurgency in modern warfare. [Oxford]: Osprey Publishing, 2008. p. 185-202.

YOUNG, Eric.T. Chefs and worried Soldiers: authority and power in the Zimbabwe national army. Armed forces and society, [s.l.], v. 24, n. 1, p. 133-149, 1997).

ZIMBABWE military assistance: secret telegram. [S.l.]: National Archives (UK), 17 May 1980. FCO 36/2806.

ZIMBABWE military chiefs still won’t salute premier. Nation, [S.l.], 26 July 2009. Available in: https://nation.africa/kenya/news/africa/zimbabwe-military-chiefs-still-won-t-salute-premier--600112. Access on: 26 Apr. 2021.

ZIMBABWE. Zimbabwe’s Constitution of 2013. [Harare: National government], 2013. Section 221, p. 102. Available in: https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Zimbabwe_2013.pdf. Access on: 26 Apr. 2021.

Downloads

Publicado

2021-04-30

Como Citar

STAPLETON, Timothy. A Criação e o Desenvolvimento Inicial das Forças de Defesa do Zimbábue (ZDF) 1980-93. Revista Tempo e Argumento, Florianópolis, v. 13, n. 32, p. e0104, 2021. DOI: 10.5965/2175180313322021e0104. Disponível em: https://revistas.udesc.br/index.php/tempo/article/view/2175180313322021e0104. Acesso em: 28 mar. 2024.